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Angel Investing India Startups Venture Capital

Doing due diligence on startups

Due diligence is the process of researching and analyzing a potential investment before making a decision. The process can include reviewing financial documents, assessing market trends, evaluating management teams and a lot more. Essentially, due diligence is all about doing your homework to make an informed investment decision. When it comes to investing in startups at very early stages, due diligence can be more art than science.

Investing without proper due diligence can lead to disastrous financial losses, missed opportunities, and frayed relationships.

On the other hand, conducting thorough due diligence, though often time consuming, can help an investor make better informed investment decisions that align with their financial goals, risk tolerance and investment horizon. By conducting proper due diligence, an investor can gain a deeper understanding of the investment, evaluate its potential returns and risks and make a decision that is right for them.

However, it is equally important to balance thoroughness with speed. Many times, there are very few or no financials and legal documents for an investor to review and make decisions on. This is especially true at the pre-seed and seed stages of many tech startups. At Saka, we look at diligence a little differently. We believe the usual diligence is required but we also believe it doesn’t have to be a very long or complicated process for the founders. 

At Saka Ventures, we try to balance speed of decision making with as much data to back up a decision. After a meeting or two, we can confidently tell if a company, and the founders, are onto something that requires more time or the startup just isn’t a fit for us. If we eventually move to a conditional, yes, we start our diligence process.

Here are some key steps we employ in conducting due diligence when evaluating a potential investment:We start by reviewing the company’s financial statements, including income statements, balance sheets, cash flow statements, KPIs and other metrics. This gives us a sense of the company’s financial health, growth potential and profitability. We try to look for consistency and accuracy in financial data and projections, as well as, a clear and viable revenue model. A startup’s financials should reflect a good understanding of the market and the expense projections are a good indication of that understanding. 

In India, we have seen that, often, founders start working on an idea well before incorporating a company and sometimes, the incorporation can take a significant amount of time. Hence, very often, there aren’t any financial or legal documents to review. In such instances, we ask for three to six months of bank statements to review. If these don’t exist, we ask the founders to share financial projections for the next one to two years. We believe that most financial projections for early-stage startups are a waste of time but the expense projections are an incredible indicator of how the founders are thinking about their business. 

We look for an efficient use of capital and realistic assumptions about the market and growth. We also look for potential risks, such as legal liabilities or debt obligations, such as repaying a relative for their help before the company was setup. When investing in a market like India where, frequently, there are complex structures used, it’s critical to understand how the finances flow from investor to operations, customer to operations and, eventually, where is value being created. We want to make sure that we are investing in the entity where the value creation is occurring.

In assessing the market where a startup operates, we research the market speaking with other investors, founders and our advisors and mentors, many of whom have been entrepreneurs and operators in cross-border startups straddling the US and India. We also examine industry trends and direct and indirect competitors in the space. Many times, we pass on investment opportunities because it’s a market we don’t have enough information or just haven’t formed an opinion on.

In our opinion, the most important part of investing in pre-seed and seed stage companies is to assess the founding team. We look into the company’s founders, including their experience, track record building companies and products as well as selling them. In India, over the past decade, we’ve seen a massive surge in the number of high quality operators across the spectrum needed to scale a young startup. We try to assess a founder’s past contributions and what they’ve been able to accomplish. Unfortunately, this is sometimes quite opaque and requires much more than reference checks. We don’t rush this process. We take our time getting to know the founders and understand how they think and act. Building a relationship can take a lot of time and effort. Some times, we will pass on an investment opportunity because we haven’t yet been able to establish a working relationship that we can build on over the next ten to fifteen years it takes to build a successful startup. 

Some key documents we request early on in addition to financial, legal and operational due diligence, are a cap table showing the ownership structure of the startup and details the percentage of ownership for each investor, the articles of incorporation which outline the legal structure of the startup and its key provisions, such as the number of shares authorized, the board of directors and the initial shareholders, shareholder agreements which detail the rights and obligations of the company’s shareholders and outline procedures for important decisions, such as the sale of the company or issuance of new shares and, finally, the employment agreements which detail the terms and conditions of employment for key executives and employees.

We like to ensure that the startup has a strong legal foundation, with a clear ownership structure and contracts that protect the company’s assets.

Investing in startups is not a one-size-fits-all approach and taking the time to conduct data driven and human due diligence can help mitigate the chance of investing in the wrong company or people but since startups are high-growth and have high failure rates, it still may not prevent financial losses.

If you’d like to hear more, I did a short video on this topic a few years ago.

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This post was originally published on the Saka Ventures blog.

Categories
Advice Entrepreneurship Startups Venture Capital

Founders Doing Due Diligence On Investors

Doing due diligence on investors is something that should be discussed more frequently. It’s important for founders to take the time to understand who the investors are, how do they help and support the companies they invest in, how do they react when things aren’t going as well as hoped for.

Spending some time doing due diligence on potential investors can save you lots of grief in the long run. I’ve talked about this often and it’s great in theory but it’s not as easy to do in person. Now that I’m back on the operating side of a startup, here are some tips on how to diligence possible investors:

  • Start with making a list of the investors you think would be interested in your startup keeping a few broad things in mind (use a spreadsheet or a CRM)
    • Vertical the company is in and is the VC firm + partner interested in the space
    • Stage of the company and does the firm invest at this stage
    • Check size that you’re looking for and what the firm writes
    • Any existing competing investments that the firm has made
  • Find people you know that may be connected to these individuals
    • Have a prepared email that you can send to the people you know who can possibly connect you to these investors. The email should be a very short email that explains why you would like to connect to the investor, a summary of your startup and have a teaser deck attached. Some people like to use DocSend but I prefer a PDF.

Once you’ve exhausted your personal network, find 5-10 founders that the firm and the partner have invested in (ideally should include failed startups).

  • Reach out to them on social media, via common contact or a cold email to see if they will chat with you about your startup and provide some advice on your round as well as share some info about the investor(s). If they say yes to a meeting, do some research on them, e.g. understand what their startup does, maybe check out the product, use Crunchbase to get an idea of some of their investors, how many rounds they’ve raised, you can use tools like Workomo (shameless plug) to get some background about them and common interests you might have.
  • Founders can be very open with other founders. Do what you have to in order to maintain that trust. Use the meeting to do your due diligence on the investor. Ask the founder about the firm on your list and how they were to work with through the ups and downs. Make sure you are clear that this is confidential and DO NOT repeat it to anyone, even in conversation. Don’t be shy about getting into details as long as the founders are comfortable sharing. Don’t pry but don’t hold back on asking the questions you think will help you get an understanding of who the investor is and how they work.

In short, make sure you take the time to do your due diligence on investors. It’s critical to know who you’re potentially partnering with for the duration of your startup.

Categories
Business Entrepreneurship Startups

Time to “Workomo”

For the better part of the last decade, I’ve been a startup investor and community builder. It’s been a lot of fun and I have loved learning from all of the founders I’ve met. I’m hoping to meet even more founders and operators during the next part of my journey, where, I’m taking the plunge back into the world of building and joining Workomo as COO.

Why Workomo?

Workomo is a young startup based out of the San Francisco Bay Area founded by my friend Soumitra Sharma. Soumitra and I have known each other for a few years, having crossed paths in the Indian startup ecosystem and having invested together. Soumitra reached out to me when he was raising his pre-seed round in late 2019. We had a conversation about Workomo and I committed to invest on the spot.

Since then, I’ve been spending a lot of time with the team testing out the product, providing feedback, and talking strategy with Soumitra. I even wrote some code to help them with a problem they were dealing with.

In the context of my professional career, I’ve often said that “what you do matters less than who you do it with”. I feel very lucky to have an opportunity to work with an incredibly sharp team and a founder with a crystal clear vision for Workomo.

I look forward to sharing more details about what we are building at Workomo and what we have in store over the next few months.

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Categories
Advice Angel Investing Bangalore Business Delhi Entrepreneurship India InvestStream Video New Delhi Startups Venture Capital Video

Early-Stage Startup Deal Terms in India 2020

There was a recent thread on Twitter about how even in 2020 angels and VCs in India continue to put ridiculously onerous terms into early-stage deals.

I recently invested in an Indian startup that closed a pre-series A round and the documents were more than 100 pages. When I was at 500 Startups, with the help of BMR Legal, we modified the 500 Startups KISS Agreement for India and open sourced the documents in the hopes that it would simplify early-stage documentation and reduce the amount of time to close a deal and the cost of doing early-stage deals in India, much like Series Seed docs and the SAFE have done in the US.

Here’s a presentation I gave in January 2020 at CIE-IIIT Hyderabad on some of the deal terms in India to watch out for. Unfortunately, there’s no video of the actual presentation I gave so I recorded a voice over for you.

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If there are additional terms you have questions about or terms you’ve come across that are onerous, please leave a comment on the YouTube video and I will respond. Hopefully, other founders will benefit from it as well.

Categories
Startups

Cold Emailing Venture Capitalists and Angel Investors

Although most people recommend getting an introduction to a VC or an angel investor, it is sometimes necessary to send a cold email. Here are some thoughts on how one could frame those emails.

This is what I think the basic structure of the email should be:

  • Why you are reaching out
  • How your startup is of interest to the individual.
  • A little of your background, establishing some credibility.

Example 1

A great example of an email from a founder to an investor is:

Hi Pankaj,

I am physician entrepreneur and I run a health tech startup, <STARTUP NAME>, focused on the digital health space with a focus on diabetes. I sold my previous startup in 2015 and started this company in 2016.

I believe you will find our startup interesting because it has measurable traction, we’re going after a massive market and we’re a team that’s been working together for more than a decade.

We are in the process of raising a series A round and are looking for strategic angels that can help with international growth, business strategy, and ecosystem building. Attached is a teaser deck for your review. I would be delighted to setup some time with you to go through the business in greater detail.

In this example, the founder starts with a quick introduction and continues by adding a little about his credibility, being a physician, and selling his previous startup.

He then explains why this deal might be of interest to me. He might have done a little research or watched previous episodes of Invest Stream to know that I want to see traction in the companies I invest in, as well as, a large market size. He also knows that I care about the team and how well they work together.

He closes with why they would like me to consider investing and attaches a PDF. There’s been some debates on Twitter about the use of PDFs vs. using services like DocSend. I prefer PDFs so I can scribble notes on them and save them for posterity 🙂

Example 2

Hi Pankaj,

My name is Dr. <FOUNDER’S NAME>, co-founder of <STARTUP NAME>, an intelligent telehealth platform.

<STARTUP NAME> is an AI telehealth platform helping doctors to complete clinical documentation accurately and efficiently instead of manual, sloppy, unreadable notes. With <STARTUP NAME> providers have increased productivity and the amount of time they can spend with patients by almost 60 hours a year and are, thus, increasing their revenue by more than 100k annually.

Knowing your investment in <PREVIOUS INVESTMENT>, I think you might be interested in knowing more about <STARTUP NAME>, and what we do with AI to help physicians to be more efficient with their time.

Some of our numbers:

  • 50% MoM
  • +5K consultations
  • +50 physicians subscribed to our platform
  • +10 medical specialties

We are raising our Seed Round, and we would really like to show you more of what we are doing and get your feedback.

Let me know if I can send you my deck, or we can jump on a call next week.

I hope to hear back from you soon,

In this example, the founder introduces himself (also adding credibility that he’s a physician) and gives me quick intro to the company and the problem that it’s solving.

He also shares some of their traction information and shows that he’s researched me before dropping me a cold email (referencing a company I’ve invested in previously).

He then shares what stage they are at and why he would like to talk. I would have preferred if he sent me the deck or a teaser deck but it’s not the end of the world. 

What other examples do you have of a cold email you’ve sent out that’s worked well for you?